ව්‍යාධිජනක බැක්ටීරියා

Pathogenic bacteria
Pathogenic bacteria
	Neisseria gonorrhoeae (small red dots) in pus from a man with a urethral discharge (Gram stain)

රෝගකාරක බැක්ටීරියා එසේත් නැත්නම් ව්‍යාධිජනක බැක්ටීරියා (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Pathogenic bacteria) යනු රෝග ඇති කළ හැකි බැක්ටීරියා වෙයි. මෙම ලිපිය මිනිසුන් හට රෝගා සාදන බැක්ටීරියා පිළිබඳව ය. බොහෝ බැක්ටීරියා විශේෂ, හානිකර නොවන අතර බොහෝ විට වැඩදායක වන නමුත් අනෙක් ඒවා බෝවන රෝග ඇති කළ හැක. මිනිසාට හානිදායක බැක්ටීරියා විශේෂ ගණන සියයකට වඩා අඩු යැයි ඇස්තමේන්තුකර ඇත. එසේ වන්නේ, ආහාර මාර්ගය තුළ පමණක් බැක්ටීරියා විශේෂ දහස් ගණන් වාසය කරන්නේ යැයි සැළකෙන අතර ය.^{[තහවුරු කර නොමැත]}

List of genera and microscopy features

Many genera contain pathogenic bacterial species. They often possess characteristics that help to classify and organize them into groups. The following is a partial listing.

Genus	Species	Gram staining	Shape	Oxygen requirement	Intra/Extracellular
Bacillus	Bacillus anthracis Bacillus cereus	Positive	Rods	Facultative anaerobic	Extracellular
Bartonella	Bartonella henselae Bartonella quintana	Negative	Rods	Aerobic	Facultative intracellular
Bordetella	Bordetella pertussis	Negative	Small coccobacilli	Aerobic	Extracellular
Borrelia	Borrelia burgdorferi Borrelia garinii Borrelia afzelii Borrelia recurrentis	Negative, stains poorly	Spirochete	Anaerobic	Extracellular
Brucella	Brucella abortus Brucella canis Brucella melitensis Brucella suis	Negative	Coccobacilli	Aerobic	Intracellular
Campylobacter	Campylobacter jejuni	Negative	Spiral rods coccoid in older cultures	Microaerophilic	Extracellular
Chlamydia and Chlamydophila	Chlamydia pneumoniae Chlamydia trachomatis Chlamydophila psittaci	(not Gram-stained)	Small, round, ovoid	Facultative or strictly aerobic	Obligate intracellular
Clostridium	Clostridium botulinum Clostridium difficile Clostridium perfringens Clostridium tetani	Positive	Large, blunt-ended rods	Obligate anaerobic	Extracellular
Corynebacterium	Corynebacterium diphtheriae	Positive (unevenly)	Rods	Mostly facultative anaerobic	Extracellular
Enterococcus	Enterococcus faecalis Enterococcus faecium	Positive	Cocci	Facultative Anaerobic	Extracellular
Escherichia	Escherichia coli	Negative	Rods	Facultative anaerobic	Extracellular or Intracellular
Francisella	Francisella tularensis	Negative	Coccobacillus	Strictly aerobic	Facultative intracellular
Haemophilus	Haemophilus influenzae	Negative	Coccobacilli to long and slender filaments	Facultative anaerobic 5 - 10% CO2	Extracellular
Helicobacter	Helicobacter pylori	Negative	Spiral rod	Microaerophile	Extracellular
Legionella	Legionella pneumophila	Negative, stains poorly	Cocobacilli	Aerobic	Facultative intracellular
Leptospira	Leptospira interrogans Leptospira santarosai Leptospira weilii Leptospira noguchii	Negative, stains poorly	Spirochete	Strictly aerobic	Extracellular
Listeria	Listeria monocytogenes	Positive, darkly	Slender, short rods	Facultative Anaerobic	Facultative intracellular
Mycobacterium	Mycobacterium leprae Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium ulcerans	(none)	Long, slender rods	Aerobic	Intracellular
Mycoplasma	Mycoplasma pneumoniae	(none)	Indistinct 'fried egg' appearance, no cell wall	Mostly facultative anaerobic; M. pneumoniae strictly aerobic	Extracellular
Neisseria	Neisseria gonorrhoeae Neisseria meningitidis	Negative	Kidney bean-shaped	Aerobic	Gonococcus: facultative intracellular N. meningitidis: extracellular
Pseudomonas	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Negative	Rods	Obligate aerobic	Extracellular
Rickettsia	Rickettsia rickettsii	Negative, stains poorly	Small, rod-like coccobacillary	Aerobic	Obligate intracellular
Salmonella	Salmonella typhi Salmonella typhimurium	Negative	Rods	Facultative anaerobica	Facultative intracellular
Shigella	Shigella sonnei	Negative	Rods	Facultative anaerobic	Extracellular
Staphylococcus	Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus saprophyticus	Positive, darkly	Round cocci	Facultative anaerobic	Extracellular, facultative intracellular
Streptococcus	Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pyogenes	Positive	Ovoid to spherical	Facultative anaerobic	Extracellular
Treponema	Treponema pallidum	Negative, stains poorly	Spirochete	Aerobic	Extracellular
Ureaplasma	Ureaplasma urealyticum	Stains poorly	Indistinct, 'fried egg' appearance, no cell wall	Anaerobic	Extracellular
Vibrio	Vibrio cholerae	Negative	Spiral with single polar flagellum	Facultative anaerobic	Extracellular
Yersinia	Yersinia pestis Yersinia enterocolitica Yersinia pseudotuberculosis	Negative, bipolarly	Small rods	Facultative anaerobe	Intracellular

List of species and clinical characteristics

Overall age-standardised mortality rate per 100 000 population for 33 pathogens investigated, 2019
Global number of deaths (A) and YLLs (B), by pathogen and infectious syndrome, 2019
Global number of deaths, by pathogen, age, and sex groups, 2019

This is description of the more common genera and species presented with their clinical characteristics and treatments.

Species of human pathogenic bacteria
Species		Transmission	Diseases	Treatment	Prevention
Actinomyces israelii		Oral flora	Actinomycosis: painful abscesses and cysts MRSA in the mouth, lungs, or gastrointestinal tract.	Prolonged penicillin G and drainage
Bacillus anthracis		Contact with cattle, sheep, goats and horses Spores enter through inhalation or through abrasions	Anthrax: pulmonary, gastrointestinal and/or cutaneous symptoms.	In early infection: Penicillin Doxycycline Ciprofloxacin Raxibacumab	Anthrax vaccine Autoclaving of equipment
Bacteroides fragilis		Gut flora	Abscesses in gastrointestinal tract, pelvic cavity and lungs	metronidazole	Wound care Aspiration prevention
Bordetella pertussis		Contact with respiratory droplets expelled by infected human hosts.	Whooping cough Secondary bacterial pneumonia	Macrolides such as erythromycin, before paroxysmal stage	Pertussis vaccine, such as in DPT vaccine
Borrelia	B. burgdorferi B. garinii B. afzelii	Ixodes hard ticks Reservoir in mice, other small mammals, and birds	Lyme disease Early localized: erythema migrans Early disseminated: neuroborreliosis, Lyme carditis Late: Lyme arthritis, Achrodermatitis chronica (B. afzelii only)	Doxycycline for adults, amoxicillin for children, ceftriaxone for neurological involvement	Wearing clothing that limits skin exposure to ticks. Insect repellent. Avoid areas where ticks are found.
Borrelia	B. recurrentis and others	Pediculus humanus corporis body louse (B. recurrentis only) and Ornithodoros soft ticks	Relapsing fever	Penicillin, tetracycline, doxycycline	Avoid areas where ticks are found Better access to washing facilities Reduce crowding Pesticides
Brucella	B. abortus B. canis B. melitensis B. suis	Direct contact with infected animal Oral, by ingestion of unpasteurized milk or milk products	Brucellosis: mainly fever, muscular pain and night sweats	doxycycline streptomycin or gentamicin
Campylobacter jejuni		Fecal–oral from animals (mammals and fowl) Uncooked meat (especially poultry) Contaminated water	Enteritis,bloody diarrhea Guillain–Barré syndrome (muscle weakness)	Treat symptoms Fluoroquinolone such as ciprofloxacin in severe cases	Good hygiene Avoiding contaminated water Pasteurizing milk and milk products Cooking meat (especially poultry)
Chlamydia	C. pneumoniae	Respiratory droplets	Atypical pneumonia	Doxycycline Erythromycin	None
Chlamydia	C. trachomatis	vaginal sex oral sex anal sex Vertical from mother to newborn(ICN) Direct or contaminated surfaces and flies (trachoma)	Trachoma Neonatal conjunctivitis Neonatal pneumonia Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) Urethritis Pelvic inflammatory disease Epididymitis Prostatitis Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)	Erythromycin (adults)Doxycycline (infants and pregnant women)	Erythromycin or silver nitrate in newborn's eyes Safe sex Abstinence
Chlamydophila psittaci		Inhalation of dust with secretions or feces from birds (e.g. parrots)	Psittacosis, mainly atypical pneumonia	Tetracycline Doxycycline Erythromycin	-
Clostridium	C. botulinum	Spores from soil, persevere in canned food, smoked fish and honey	Botulism: Mainly muscle weakness and paralysis	Antitoxin Penicillin Hyperbaric oxygen Mechanical ventilation	Proper food preservation techniques
	C. difficile	Gut flora, overgrowing when other flora is depleted	Pseudomembranous colitis	Discontinuing responsible antibiotic Vancomycin or metronidazole if severe	Fecal bacteriotherapy
	C. perfringens	Spores in soil Vaginal flora and gut flora	Anaerobic cellulitis Gas gangrene Acute food poisoning	Gas gangrene: Debridement or amputation Hyperbaric medicine High doses of doxycycline or penicillin G and clindamycin Food poisoning: Supportive care is sufficient	Appropriate food handling
	C. tetani	Spores in soil, skin penetration through wounds	Tetanus: muscle spasms	Tetanus immune globulin Sedatives Muscle relaxants Mechanical ventilation Penicillin or metronidazole	Tetanus vaccine (such as in the DPT vaccine)
Corynebacterium diphtheriae		respiratory droplets part of human flora	Diphtheria: Fever, sore throat and neck swelling, potentially narrowing airways.	Horse serum antitoxin Erythromycin Penicillin	DPT vaccine
Ehrlichia	E. canis E. chaffeensis	Dog tick	Ehrlichiosis:headache, muscle aches, and fatigue	doxycycline rifampin
Enterococcus	E. faecalis E. faecium	Part of gut flora,opportunistic or entering through GI tract or urinary system wounds	Bacterial endocarditis,biliary tract infections,urinary tract infections	Ampicillin (combined with aminoglycoside in endocarditis)Vancomycin	No vaccine Hand washing and other nosocomial prevention
Escherichia	E. coli (generally)	Gut flora, and in urinary tract Spreading extraintestinally or proliferating in the GI tract	Diarrhea Urinary tract infections (UTI) Meningitis in infants Hospital-acquired pneumonia Hospital-acquired sepsis	UTI: (resistance-tests are required first) Co-trimoxazole Fluoroquinolone, e.g. ciprofloxacin Meningitis: Cephalosporin (e.g. cefotaxime) and gentamicin combination Diarrhea: Antibiotics above shorten duration Electrolyte and fluid replacement	(no vaccine or preventive drug) Cooking ground beef and pasteurizing milk against O157:H7 Hand washing and disinfection
	Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)	Fecal–oral through food and water Direct physical contact	Traveller's diarrhea
	Enteropathogenic E. coli	Vertical, in utero or at birth	Diarrhea in infants
	Enteroinvasive E.coli (EIEC)	Fecal–oral	bloody diarrhea and fever
	Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC), including E. coli O157:H7	Reservoir in cattle	bloody diarrhea Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Francisella tularensis		vector-borne by arthropods Infected wild or domestic animals, birds or house pets	Tularemia: Fever, ulceration at entry site and/or lymphadenopathy. Can cause severe pneumonia.	Streptomycin Gentamicin	Avoiding insect vectors Precautions when handling wild animals or animal products
Haemophilus influenzae		Droplet contact Human flora of e.g. upper respiratory tract	Bacterial meningitis Upper respiratory tract infections Pneumonia,bronchitis Septic arthritis in infants	Meningitis: (resistance-tests are required first) Third generation cephalosporin, e.g. cefotaxime or ceftriaxone Ampicillin and sulbactam combination	Hib vaccine to infants Rifampin prophylactically
Helicobacter pylori		Colonizing stomach Unclear person-to-person transmission	Peptic ulcer Chronic gastritis Risk factor for gastric carcinoma and gastric B-cell lymphoma	Tetracycline, metronidazole and bismuth salt combination	(No vaccine or preventive drug)
Klebsiella pneumoniae		Mouth, skin, and gut flora. Pneumonia upon aspiration	Klebsiella pneumonia, with significant lung necrosis and hemoptysis Hospital-acquired urinary tract infection and sepsis	3rd generation cephalosporin ciprofloxacin	hand hygiene.
Legionella pneumophila		Droplet contact, from e.g. cooling towers,humidifiers, air conditioners and water distribution systems	Legionnaire's Disease Pontiac fever	Macrolides, such as erythromycin Fluoroquinolones Rifampin	(no vaccine or preventive drug) Heating water
Leptospira species		Food and water contaminated by urine from infected wild or domestic animals. Leptospira survives for weeks in fresh water and moist soil.	Leptospirosis: Headaches, muscle pains, and fevers; possible jaundice, kidney failure, pulmonary hemorrhage, and meningitis.	Doxycycline for mild cases Intravenous penicillin for severe cases	Vaccine not widely used Doxycycline Prevention of exposure Rodent control
Listeria monocytogenes		Raw milk or cheese, ground meats, poultry Vertically to newborn or fetus	Listeriosis: Meningitis Sepsis	Ampicillin Co-trimoxazole	(no vaccine) Proper food preparation and handling
Mycobacterium	M. leprae	Prolonged human-human contact, e.g. through exudates from skin lesions to abrasion of other person	Leprosy (Hansen's disease):granulomas of the nerves, respiratory tract, skin, and eyes.	Tuberculoid form: Dapsone and rifampin Lepromatous form: Clofazimine	BCG vaccine shows some effects
Mycobacterium	M. tuberculosis	Droplet contact	Tuberculosis: chronic cough with blood-containing sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss	(difficult, see Tuberculosis treatment for more details) Standard "short" course: First 2 months, combination: Isoniazid Rifampicin Pyrazinamide Ethambutol Further 4 months, combination: Isoniazid Rifampicin	BCG vaccine Isoniazid
Mycoplasma pneumoniae		Human flora Respiratory droplets	Mycoplasma pneumonia	Doxycycline and erythromycin
Neisseria	N. gonorrhoeae	Sexually transmitted vertical in birth	Gonorrhea Urethritis (men) Pelvic inflammatory disease (women) Ophthalmia neonatorum Septic arthritis	Uncomplicated gonorrhea: Ceftriaxone Tetracycline, e.g. doxycycline if also chlamydia is suspected Spectinomycin for resistance or patient allergy to cephalosporin Ophthalmia neonatorum: Erythromycin + ceftriaxone	(No vaccine) Safe sex Erythromycin into eyes of newborn at risk
Neisseria	N. meningitidis	Droplet transmission	Meningococcal disease including meningitis Sepsis, including Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome	Penicillin G Ceftriaxone	NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135 vaccine Rifampin
Pseudomonas aeruginosa		Opportunistic; Infects damaged tissues or people with immunodeficiency.	Pseudomonas infection: Pneumonia Urinary tract infection Corneal infection Endocarditis Osteomyelitis Burn wound infection Sepsis Malignant external otitis	Anti-pseudomonal penicillins such as ticarcillin Aminoglycoside	(no vaccine) Topical silver sulfadiazine for burn wounds
Nocardia asteroides		In soil	Nocardiosis: Pneumonia, endocarditis, keratitis, neurological or lymphocutaneous infection	TMP/SMX
Rickettsia rickettsii		Wood or dog tick	Rocky mountain spotted fever	Doxycycline Chloramphenicol	(no preventive drug or approved vaccine) Vector control, such as clothing Prompt removal of attached ticks
Salmonella	S typhi	Fecal–oral route, through food or water	Typhoid fever type salmonellosis (fever, abdominal pain, hepatosplenomegaly, rose spots) Chronic carrier state	Ceftriaxone Fluoroquinolones, e.g. ciprofloxacin	Ty21a and ViCPS vaccines Hygiene and food preparation
Salmonella	Other Salmonella species e.g. S. typhimurium	Fecal–oral Food contaminated by fowl (e.g. uncooked eggs) or turtles	Salmonellosis with gastroenteritis Paratyphoid fever Osteomyelitis in people with sickle cells Sepsis	Fluid and electrolyte replacement for diarrhea Antibiotics (in neonates and immuno-compromised): Ciprofloxacin Ceftriaxone TMP/SMX Azithromycin	(No vaccine or preventive drug) Proper sewage disposal Food preparation Good personal hygiene
Shigella	S. sonnei S. dysenteriae	Fecal–oral	Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery)	Fluid and electrolyte replacement Fluoroquinolone such as ciprofloxacin if severe	Protection of water and food supplies Vaccines are in trial stage
Staphylococcus	aureus	Human flora on mucosae in e.g. anterior nares, skin and vagina, entering through wound	Coagulase-positive staphylococcal infections: Skin infections, including impetigo Acute infective endocarditis Septis Necrotizing pneumonia Meningitis Osteomyelitis Toxinoses Scalded skin syndrome Toxic shock syndrome Staphylococcal food poisoning	Incision and drainage of localized lesions Nafcillin,oxacillin,methicillin Vancomycin for Methicillin-resistant (MRSA)	(no vaccine or preventive drug) Barrier precautions, washing hands and fomite disinfection in hospitals
	epidermidis	Human flora in skin, anterior nares and mucous membranes	Infections of implanted prostheses (e.g. heart valves and joints) and catheters	Vancomycin	None
	saprophyticus	Part of normal vaginal flora	Cystitis in women	TMP/SMX or norfloxacin	None
Streptococcus	agalactiae	Human flora in vagina,urethral mucous membranes,rectum Vertically during childbirth Sexually	Neonatal meningitis Neonatal sepsis Neonatal pneumonia Endometritis in postpartum women Opportunistic infections with sepsis and pneumonia	Penicillin G Aminoglycoside in case of lethal infection	None
	pneumoniae	Respiratory droplets Human flora in nasopharynx (spreading in immunocompromised)	Acute bacterial pneumonia & meningitis in adults Otitis media and sinusitis in children Sepsis	Penicillin G	23-serotype vaccine for adults (PPV) Heptavalent conjugated vaccine for children (PCV)
	pyogenes	Respiratory droplets Direct physical contact with impetigo lesions	Streptococcal pharyngitis Sepsis Scarlet fever Rheumatic fever Impetigo and erysipelas Puerperal fever Necrotizing fasciitis Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis	Penicillin G or V Macrolide, e.g. clarithromycin or erythromycin in penicillin allergy Drainage and debridement for necrotizing fasciitis	No vaccine Rapid antibiotic treatment helps prevent rheumatic fever
	viridans	Oral flora, penetration through abrasions	Subacute bacterial endocarditis Dental cavities Abscesses of brain and liver	Penicillin G
Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum		Sexual Vertical (from mother to fetus)	Syphilis: First a chancre, (a painless skin ulceration), then diffuse rash. Later: gummas (soft growths), neurological, or heart symptoms. Congenital syphilis	Penicillin G Doxycycline if penicillin allergy	Penicillin offered to recent sexual partners Antibiotics to pregnant women if risk of transmitting to child No vaccine available Safe sex
Vibrio cholerae		Fecal–oral route Contaminated water and raw seafood	Cholera: Severe "rice water" diarrhea	Fluid and electrolyte replacement Doxycycline	Proper sanitation Adequate food preparation
Yersinia pestis		Fleas from animals Ingestion of animal tissues Respiratory droplets	Plague: Bubonic plague Pneumonic plague	Streptomycin primarily Tetracyclin Supportive therapy for shock	Plague vaccine Minimize exposure to rodents and fleas

අමතර අවධානයට

Human microbiome project
List of antibiotics
Pathogenic viruses

Relapsing fever can also be caused by the following Borrelia species: B. crocidurae, B. duttonii, B. hermsii, B. hispanica, B. miyamotoi, B. persica, B. turicatae and B. venezuelensis.
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Bacterial Pathogen Pronunciation by Neal R. Chamberlain, Ph.D. at A.T. Still University
Pathogenic bacteria genomes and related information at PATRIC, a Bioinformatics Resource Center funded by NIAID

[Relapsing-33] Relapsing fever can also be caused by the following Borrelia species: B. crocidurae, B. duttonii, B. hermsii, B. hispanica, B. miyamotoi, B. persica, B. turicatae and B. venezuelensis.
- Barbour, Alan G. (2017). "Relapsing Fever". In Kasper, Dennis L.; Fauci, Anthony S. (eds.). Harrison's Infectious Diseases (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Education. pp. 678–687. ISBN 978-1-259-83597-1.

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[Halperin2015-31] Halperin JJ (2015). "Nervous System Lyme Disease". Clinics in Laboratory Medicine. 35 (4): 779–95. doi:10.1016/j.cll.2015.07.002. PMID 26593257.

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Pathogenic bacteria

Neisseria gonorrhoeae (small red dots) in pus from a man with a urethral discharge (Gram stain)